The Organization of American States - 655 Words

The Organization of American States is the world’s oldest regional organization, having roots as far back as the 1826 Congress of Panama (United States Permanent Mission, n.d.). The Charter of the OAS was signed in 1948 by 21 member states and entered into force by December 1951, officially creating the Organization of American States. Today, 35 independent countries of the America have ratified the Charter and belong to the Organization, and over 68 other states, as well as the European Union, have been granted permanent observer status. The primary focus of the Organization, as stipulated in Article 1 of the Charter, is to achieve among its member states â€Å"an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence† (Charter of the Organization of American States, 1967). While trade is not one of the Organization’s original four main pilla rs (those being democracy, human rights, security, and development), in recent years, more emphasis has been placed on trade. In 1945, the Inter-American Economic and Social Council (CIES) was founded, and under the 1948 charter, became one of the permanent organs of the OAS. It originally had two committees: the Permanent Executive Committee (CEPCIES), and the Special Committee for Consultation and Negotiation (CECON). The 1993 Protocol of Managua created the Inter-American Council for Integral DevelopmentShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cross Cultural Perspectives1036 Words   |  5 PagesCross-Cultural Perspectives Organizations come in many different forms and sizes. An organization is any entity that purses a mission or serves a purpose in a society or community. Businesses, governments, schools, charities, etc., are all different types of organizations. 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Analysis Oedipus Rex - 2007 Words

Particular bold features define this ageless funerary mask, creating an immortalized face. A broad nose sits in the heart with a mustache directly beneath, a feature quite common of those regal. Proportion plays a chief role in the deceased man’s face, for close examination reveals how evenly spaced each feature is. Perhaps the proportion is there to provide the man, who is thought to be a monarch, a godly presence. Given the Olympian gods are supposedly perfect, it only makes sense as to why a man gifted a beaten gold mask has flawlessly proportioned features. Individuals seemingly must have worshipped and blindly obeyed his every whim like the Chorus in Sophocles’, Oedipus Rex, followed their false god, Oedipus. That theory can even furthermore be confirmed, considering this artwork comes after the life of this man occurred, his death not sufficient in ceasing the infatuation many held. Beaten gold, a material that continues to possess immense value today, formulates the entirety of this mask. The difficulty around obtaining inexpensive gold remains constant, whether it is now or ages ago. Numerous items devoted to the gods were not even produced from gold, alluding to the idea that the worth of this man either equaled or surpassed those divine. It can be concluded that gold was used in the construction of this piece to display the worth this man clasped in the eyes of others. In general, this beaten gold funerary mask could have countless motives for conception, butShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Oedipus Rex 1705 Words   |  7 PagesIn the play Oedipus Rex, Oedipus unknowingly murders his father and marries his mother. When Oedipus discovers this he is disgusted with himself and decides to go into exile. The Misanthrope is a play about the self-exile of the main character Alceste. 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In the story, Oedipus was not a victim of only his actions or only his fate, but his actions and fatal flaws did affect the path that he took to his demise, through his pride/ignorance/temper, his unquenchable thirst for knowledge, and his cowardiceRead MoreAnalysis Of Oedipus Rex 2527 Words   |  11 PagesAri Victor Honors English 28 July, 2015 Summer Reading Oedipus Rex 1. The people of Thebes are suffering from a god attacking their city. 2. The Priest asks Oedipus to save Thebes and the people living there. 3. The Thebans plead Oedipus for his help because 1) they think that Oedipus has help from the gods, and 2) they know that he already saved their town before, so he can save it again. 4. Oedipus has already taken the step of sending Creon to Apollo’s temple to ask how to save the city. 5. 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Both the play and the book share two major subject matters. Guilt is one theme that is seen constantly between Amir dealing with it in The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseini and Oedipus and Jocasta’s struggle with it in Oedipus Rex written by Sophocles. Another theme found in bothRead More Analysis of Oedipus Rex Essay890 Words   |  4 Pages Oedipus did not have a fair start in life. His father, Laius, heard prophecy that Oedipus would one day kill his father and sleep with his mother. In order to prevent this, Laius gave Oedipus to a shepherd to be killed. Fortunately, through a string of events, Oedipuss life was saved, and he even went on to become the honored king of Thebes. Despite this feat, Oedipus still managed to make several decisions that ultimately fulfilled the original prophecy told to Laius , and inevitably sealed

Microsoft Dynamics Finance Available to Business

Question: Discuss about the Microsoft Dynamics and understanding the sources of finance available to business? Answer: Understanding the sources of finance available to business Identification of sources of finance available to business Financing is one of the driving forces for each lucrative business enterprise. Most of the business requires capital for funding investors in generation of revenue in the near future. Business does not have instant access to money generation (Aamer 2012). Various funding options makes business owners select types of financing that suits best for their competitors needs. Some of the sources of sources of finance are mentioned below: Bank Loan It is noticed that banks and credit unions believes in offering loans to small and large business enterprise. Companies takes out loan from a bank and sets access to required sum of money but need repayment with certain interest rates for the same (Albrecht, Stice and Stice 2011). Interest fee indulges on the borrowing of banks money and pay back the funds on timely manner. Retained Earnings It is important to understand the fact that amount of earnings with the business relates directly on amount of dividends in an overall manner. Reinvested profits in case of retained earnings relates with paid dividend in Business Corporation (Balla 2012). Retained earnings helps in financing new investments and payment of higher dividends especially for new equity investments in the most appropriate way. Ordinary or equity shares Ordinary shares are the real owners of the business enterprise. It includes face values quoted for share of the company and bears no direct relationship with nominal value for the same. Deferred ordinary shares are one type of ordinary shares that receives entitlement for rising profits and certain amount in an overall manner. They enjoy voting rights in comparison with ordinary shareholders (Bonham 2013). Ordinary shareholders can put their funds in the company either by paying new shares or through retained earnings. Leasing Leasing is mutual agreement between parties including lessor and lessee. It is noticed that lessor owns the particular capital asset. On the other hand, lessee stops usage of capital assets by the lessor (Davies and Crawford 2012). Addition to that, lessee makes the final payment within specified period. Leasing is one form of rental properties. Leased assets include: Plant and machinery Cars and commercial vehicles Office Equipment Owners Investment This source of finance includes the personal money like savings of the business owner for the same. Bank Overdraft It refers to short-term sources of financing for helping continuous cash flow operations. Working capital Working capital is an important source of financing for improving cash flow in an organization. It helps in meeting the day-to-day working expenses of the business organization (Dyckman, Magee and Pfeiffer 2011). It deals with payment to suppliers and seeking earlier payments from respective customers. Hire Purchase Hire purchase taking into loan for purchase of equipment and acquisition of assets in the near future Personal Loans This loan is provided for personal issues and retain with the owner for the same Grants business angels It helps in assisting business for expanding as well as investing in related equipment. It mainly avails by the local as well as central government in an overall manner. Silent Partners These partners are not active like others but contribute equal amount of money in the business activities Commercial loans These loans are granted for building or construction of commercial properties. Debt Factoring In this, organization sells debts to another organization and terms as outstanding terms. Assessing the implications of the different sources From the above discussion, it is easy to understand the sources of finance available for conducting business activities. In this particular section, advantages and disadvantages of each type are explained for bringing clear understanding on best options on sources of finance. It is important to consider the fact that finance types will depend entirely on factors ascertaining the size of business enterprise. Sources of Finance Advantages Disadvantages Bank Loan Interest on business bank loans helps in tax deduction. It includes fixed-rate loans and various loan-servicing payments. Bank loans indulge in high difficulty for obtaining in case of small business enterprise. It fails to record of accomplishment of related collateral like real estate company. Interest rates for bank loan are quite high includes bank funding. Retained Earnings Obtaining retained earnings helps small business in providing efficient financial resources for investing for operations as well as creation of growth. It mainly funds projects like research development, facility construction, expansion and renovation for the same. High Limits for Internal Revenue services for small business corporations. Shares Shares help in giving potential for raising large amounts of capital. It indulges in selling new shares. It mainly requires high cost for raising small amount of money. Shareholder percentage holds for risk loss control in and around the business organization. Leasing It helps in purchasing and leasing for upfront money for business organization. No loss of control for the business enterprise It fails to sale equipment or returns it for longer time. Undertaking of credit check is one of the drawbacks for leasing attributes. From the above analysis, it is easy to gather relevant facts on the available sources of finance and elaborating on the advantages as well as disadvantages for the same. It depends on the ability to repay debt as well as control over the relinquishing financial operations in an overall manner. Evaluation of appropriate sources of finance for business project It is important to appropriate the financial sources for viewing at the current financial performance on matters relating to current financial position and expected future financial position for the same (Edmonds, McNair and Olds 2013). It is necessary for recommending financing method for various factors. This includes: Cost It is noticed that debt finance consider cheaper in comparison with equity financing. It ensures cost advantage for final debt payment matters in an overall manner. Cash Flows It is necessary to consider company in generation of cash in debt finance matters. Equity providers mainly focus on accepting the cash return for short-term capital growth for dividend enhancements in the most appropriate form. Risk Business Corporation faces large number of risk including finance risk and business risk for the same (Elliott and Elliott 2012). Organization should diversify their risk in riskier areas for operating gearing and reduction of financial risk in an overall manner. From the above analysis, it is easy to make understand with the help of real life scenario for an example. The selected organization for sources of finance project is Wesfarmers. They have strong market position as well as financial position for the same. They have the required amount for investing returns and adequate sources of finance in an overall manner. Understanding the implications of finance as a resource within a business Analyze the costs of different sources of finance It is important to consider the fact that financial cost borrowing relates tangibility in terms of interest paid to the shareholders. It implies for alternative uses for money transactions for tax amount for particular business organization. Finance is the life-blood of business organization. Opportunity cost helps in evaluation with the choices preferred in the spending pattern of individuals (Horngren 2013). Business organization has overheads including rent and utility bills for the same. It is noticed that money paid for the borrowing limits ascertain on timely basis in the most appropriate way. It enhances retained profits for limited amount left in investment pattern in and between the alternative options in an overall manner. Corporation tax adds the depreciable amount for attainment of business profits in the near future (Horngren, Harrison and Oliver 2012). Capital allowances helps in implementation of rules, regulations as well as eligible amount charges for the same. For example- Company saving 1000 Euros for spending money in case of facing difficulty in any form. Options available are: Purchasing new car Going for Holiday Importance of financial planning It is essential to consider the fact that financial planning plays an important role in future growth in an overall manner. Business Corporation should manage with the expenditure and various implications for the same. Late payment of salaries to staff members negatively affects the total workforce of business enterprise. Proper financial planning enables maintenance of cash flow management for critical running of Business Corporation (Kemp and Waybright 2013). Business organization should calculate the cash flow for identification of surplus or shortage of finance in the operational activities. This requires checking at the budget expenditure for smooth functioning of the business organization. Organization should be aware of overtrading activities for completion of work for facing the unforeseen events like delays as well as delivery problems for the same (Libby, Libby and Short 2011). Business organization should plan for addressing the cash flow problem for payment of bills in th e near future. It is important to plan each small things pertaining to business enterprise. This gives clear idea as well as understanding over the business projects. It helps in giving proper plan and course of action in consolidated format. Lacks of effective planning fails to address the problems in one go. Effective planning helps an organization attain future goals in smoother terms. Assessing information needs of different decision makers It is easy to understand the fact that organization consists of variety of decision makers for activities pertaining business. CEO as well as senior management team is responsible for handling the strategic matters directly future activities of particular business organization. Finance and sales departmental managers takes decisions on matters relating to customer credit terms, maximization of profits (McKeith and Collins 2013). Managers believe in preparation of budgets on expenditure incurred by the department for attainment of future goals as well as objectives for the same. On critical analysis, senior managers refer to profit and loss account for viewing at the turnover of particular organization. It mainly includes expenditure and the incomes governing towards the business enterprise for the same (Needles and Powers 2012). Balance sheet predicts the financial position and value of assets as well as liabilities within specified time. As far as management accounting is concerned, it includes budgeted cash flow forecast in the most appropriate form. It mainly ensures planned incomes and expenditures broken into departments. It helps in arriving at actual expenses in comparison with expected variances in an overall manner. Impact of finance on the financial statements It is noticed that financial statements predicts the overall health of the business organization. It mainly serves effective method for communicating financial information on business entity like banks as well as investors for the same (Phillips, Libby and Libby 2013). Results of the financial statements affects the following attributes like: Financial statements affect the share price of a company in rendering reliable financial information in an overall manner. It mainly reflects on the ability of the company for gathering relevant financing options in the near future. It helps the potential investors for processing new share issue as well as dividends for the same. It reflects transparent communication with the help of reported financial statements in case of honesty and integrity of particular business enterprise Financial Decisions based on financial information on British Airways Analyzing the budgets and making appropriate decisions From the financial statements of British Airways, it is easy to ascertain the fact that managers analyses the budget. It mainly compares with the planned income as well as expenditure for the same. Budget of British Airways: Budgeted Figures Actual Figures Units Produced 12000 units 10000 units Direct Materials Cost $ 15000 $12000 Direct Labour Costs $12000 $13000 Fixed overhead costs $5000 $4000 Variable overhead costs $4500 $5600 Total Costs $36500 $34600 From the above table, it is reported that British Airways budget 12000 units but only produced 10000 units in operational activities. It is because of less revenue figures and decreases sale figures for the same. It is revealed that there is decrease in the actual production in comparison with budgeted amount for expected costs in an overall manner. It is easy to calculate the percentage variance that actual production is 20% less than the planed one. Calculation of unit costs and making pricing decisions using relevant information It is noticed that products have certain cost of producing the items in business activities. Managers should decide on understanding the concept of costs for ensuring profit-making in the near future. Classification of costs: Fixed cost remains same irrespective of increase or decrease of production like rent. Variable costs increases or decreases depending entirely on the level of production like electricity. Unit cost = Total Fixed costs+ Total variable costs/ Total units produced Linking unit cost and selling price It is noticed that cost calculation depends entirely on selling price decisions taken by an organization (Shim, Siegel and Shim 2012). Most of the business organization adds the profit for determination of selling price of products as well as services for the same. Selling Price = Direct Cost+ Indirect Cost + Profit Margin/ Number of items sold Techniques in identification of breakeven point Breakeven graph monitors the sales revenue, fixed cost as well as total costs. It mainly estimates the contribution for each unit Assessing viability of projects using investment appraisal techniques Business organization should examine the feasibility risks with usage of sensitivity analysis. Quantitative techniques include: Payback Period This technique is one of the easiest ways for calculation of feasibility for a given project. It mainly estimates the initial investment divided by the total cash flow period in an overall manner (Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann 2011). It helps in estimating the clarity of the project proposal for returning money on timely basis. This particular technique fails to address the total amount of profitability attained in terms of time value of money. Payback period = Initial Investment/ cash Inflow per period Accounting Rate of Return This particular technique results in ascertaining total profit divided by the initial investment of specified project proposal. It is easy to calculate and mainly addresses the profitability aspects of the business organization. It fails to consider the concept on time value of money and variance allowances for unreliable figures (Weetman 2012). It mainly analyses as well as compares projects in terms of accounting income and cash flows for the same. Accounting Rate of Return = Average Accounting Profit/ Initial Investment Qualitative factors include: It mainly address the business objectives based upon the proposed investment in alignment of business organization It ensures undertaking reliable data for forecasting as well as preparation of quantitative analysis for the same It addresses economy aspects and takes into current consideration for business organization It includes environmental factors for positive as well as negative changes affecting the overall organization for the same It includes ethics and image and alignment with attainment of future goals as well as objectives It mainly focus on the qualitative aspect on internal as well as external shareholders It focuses on the customer needs by undertaking investment decisions for the majority of the shareholders in an overall manner. Evaluating financial performance of business Discussion on financial statements British Airways maintains three financial statements for smooth functioning of the business enterprise. This includes: Balance Sheet Profit and Loss Account Cash Flow Statement Management mainly uses the financial statements for managing the organization and discussing the future strategies on long-term basis (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel 2012). External shareholders use the information for taking decisions on possible involvement of operational activities in an overall manner. Balance sheet helps in predicting the financial position of British Airways and presentation of assets as well as liabilities for the same on specified date. Profit and loss statement reveals the financial performance of British Airways. It includes expenditure and incomes pertaining to business organization. Cash Flow statements reveal the information on cash from the operations, investing as well as financing activities for the same. Comparing appropriate formats of financial statements for different types of business In accordance with International Accounting Standards, it is essential to follow the format by business organization. Close distinction in financial statements are as follows: Balance sheet It mainly consists of net assets including: Company Company mainly reveals the financial information to the shareholders and owner of business organization. Partnership It includes two partners in case of private companies and sharing of assets and liabilities in equal portions of business organization (Williams 2012). Capital accounts include investment as well as current account reveals shares, salaries as well as interest for the same. Profit and Loss Account Charity It reveals the unrestricted, restricted as well as endowment for quick funds. Local Authority It is mostly funded by the government. It receives funds mainly from the collection of related local taxes (Albrecht, Stice and Stice 2011). Interpretation of financial statements with appropriate ratios and comparison between internal and external Financial ratios help in calculating the profitability, liquidity as well as solvency position of particular business organization. Liquidity ratio helps in predicting the liquidity position of business enterprise. This includes: Current Ratio = Current assets/ Current liabilities Quick ratio = Current assets- stock prepaid expenses/ current liabilities Profitability ratio measures the profitability position of the business in terms of current performance (Aamer 2012). This includes: Gross profit margin Gross Profit/ Net sales*100 Net Profit = Net Profit/ Net Sales* 100 Efficiency ratios indicate the utilization of financial resources by an organization. Stock turnover ratio = Cost of goods sold/ average stock Asset turnover ratio = Total fixed assets+ total current assets Reference List Aamer, M. (2012).Microsoft Dynamics AX 2012 R3 financial management. Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J. (2011).Financial accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Balla, D. (2012).CLEP financial accounting. Piscataway, NJ.: Research Education Association. Bonham, M. (2013).International GAAP 2013. Chichester, West Sussex, England: Wiley. Davies, T. and Crawford, I. (2012).Financial accounting. Harlow, England: Pearson. Dyckman, T., Magee, R. and Pfeiffer, G. (2011).Financial accounting. [Westmont, Ill.]: Cambridge Business Publishers. Edmonds, T., McNair, F. and Olds, P. (2013).Fundamental financial accounting concepts. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Elliott, B. and Elliott, J. (2012).Financial accounting and reporting. Horngren, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia Group. Horngren, C., Harrison, W. and Oliver, M. (2012).Accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kemp, R. and Waybright, J. (2013).Financial accounting. Boston: Pearson. Libby, R., Libby, P. and Short, D. (2011).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. McKeith, J. and Collins, B. (2013).Financial accounting and reporting. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Needles, B. and Powers, M. (2012).Financial accounting. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Phillips, F., Libby, R. and Libby, P. (2013).Fundamentals of financial accounting. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Scott, W. (2012).Financial accounting theory. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall. Shim, J., Siegel, J. and Shim, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill. Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. and Herrmann, D. (2011).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Weetman, P. (2012).Financial accounting. Weygandt, J., Kieso, D. and Kimmel, P. (2012).Financial accounting. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Williams, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Organizational Applications of Business Intelligence Management

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Applications of Business Intelligence Management. Answer: Introduction: MF wants to increase the intelligence density of the market in order to assist them and thereby the investment decisions are undertaken in order to maximize the return on the assets on the investment made for the clients. The business problem that has been identified in this case is presented in two parts which are as follows: The identification of the potential risk is undertaken with the particular investment associated with the particular investment made by the MF and henceforth it can be solved by using the Fuzzy Logic. The second problem depicts the findings regarding the predictions made on the market trends and the optimistic time to buy and sell shares. This problem can be solved by Artificial Neural Network and the Case Base Reasoning. In order to outperform the market, Moira Freeman's investment fund should be looking at tools which can think on more linear cycles. The business intelligence system has been designed for the company should be picking up the complex methodology a market operates. The huge amount of financial data should be picked up from the source from the market. A strategy should be devised to seek help from the past market conditions, then analyzing the present market scenario to successfully predict the future market conditions (Herschel, 2012). This is the first and most complex problem to be solved. Next, the micro and macroeconomic sentiments should be taken into consideration. A market usually reacts on some sentiments. The intelligence system, therefore, should be devised to analyze right from human behavior to short-lived tools to predict the market. The variables which seem non-existent now can disrupt the market tomorrow. So, proper domain knowledge should be implemented for day-to-day analysis and market predictions of stock. The system should be prone to analyzing the pre and post effects of human behavior while and after natural or manmade disasters. It should be updated about wars or other natural disasters because these conditions are important to make or break the market (Herschel, 2013). Last but not the least expert opinion should be taken into consideration. Experts sometimes have not been able to predict the ongoing trend in the market. So a business intelligence system should be working on its analysis of market prediction after analyzing the raw data received from the experts. The business intelligence system should do more accurate and consistent towards the data because the amount of data the system has to calibrate every given day. The system should be able to pick up data from the market source accurately in order to access the market and give a detailed prediction. The scalability of the system is also important because the vast amount of the data the system needs to process every day (Rud, 2009). It has to systematically analyze each and every data to make a market prediction. The business intelligence system devised by MF does not need to provide point predictions, but it should be able to provide decision or examples in front of the expert's calculation every share value. Because the market reacts to different kind of sentiments the market prediction job should be done in tandem by experts and the machine. Also, the system does not have to be real time because then the system will be leaving too many alternatives in front of the experts. MF should let the system evaluate each share against the market because lots of human, economic and natural disasters affect the scenario of the market. Wars or recession affects the market in one way while natural calamities in some other ways (Shan, 2012). So the machine should be designed to formulate according to the day to day socio-political geographic and economic conditions. MF should be using a system which is both accurate and consistent in form and behavior. The market supplies a vast amount of raw data every day. Add to that the huge amount of data in the form of human sentiment and behavior. That is one of the reasons the experts sometimes are not been able to predict the market correctly. The system will give them the research and analysis to choose from. The conceptual framework of the Moira Freemans Business Intelligence System for Financial Market Analysis and Prediction depicts the strategic planning made for the enhancement of the complexity, technological usage and the program management in the business which is used for the appropriate management of the application with programming initiatives (Sonar, 2013). The business creates an appropriate measurement of the business with depicting the inputs and the outputs regarding the people, process, tools, and the technologies. The need of this framework helps in indicating the values that must be depicted with considering the IT architects and the system developers with including the program managers in terms of the inputs and the output processes. It thereby helps Moira Freemans Business Intelligence system to create an interactive framework with depicting the process of appropriate interaction (Wu Zhao, 2014). By the help of this framework, the appropriate market for the Moira Fre emans Business Intelligence System can be gained by MF and thereby the stability can be achieved by MF. The system development team should start with designing a system which can read, analyze and predict the market in a more accurate way. The system should be able to give an alternative to experts on a particular share or security because it becomes difficult for the human mind to evaluate the vast amount of data the world market produces every day. The system should be able to read analyze and evaluate every single data and also human, national or climatic behavior which affects the market every day (Ward, 2010). System designers should be testing the system from day one so that the machine performs its job seamlessly without error. End of the day the system should be designed, the methodology should be applied in a tried and tested principle so that the system performs in predicting the market which can beat the stock exchange. The investment fund is looking for such a system which enables them to get potentially happy and super happy clients every time (Wang Liu, 2006). The design ers should be working in tandem with scientists, mathematicians, and economists in order the create intelligence which can predict or suggest tomorrow's market behavior in a more logical version which produces a more cumulative result. References Herschel, R. (2012).Organizational applications of business intelligence management. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Herschel, R. (2013).Principles and applications of business intelligence research. Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA). Rud, O. (2009).Business intelligence success factors. Hoboken, NJ: Joh Wiley Sons. Shan, C. (2012).Video analytics for business intelligence. Berlin: Springer. Sonar, R. (2013). Towards Automation of Business Intelligence Services Using Hybrid Intelligent System Approach.International Journal Of Business Intelligence Research,4(4), 61-92. Wang, F. Liu, D. (2006).Advances in Computational Intelligence. Toh Tuck Link, Singapore: World Scientific. Ward, J. (2010).BIRT 2.6 data analysis and reporting. Birmingham, UK: Packt Pub. Wu, Q. Zhao, H. (2014). Design and Implementation of Business Evaluation System in Business Intelligence Network Management System.AMM,687-691, 2047-2050.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Maggie Fox writing for NBC News wrote that, if health care was banking it would take days to withdraw money from an ATM because records would be misplaced and if it were airline pilots would have to depend on their own intuitions to dictate which safety checks to carry out (Fox, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Well, not too harsh an assessment considering the mess that currently bedevils our health care system. As a matter of fact, the rain has not just started beating us now; the US health care system was declared broken and requiring fixing more than a decade ago. This underscores the recent spate of actions in terms of policy legislation that we are still yet to all agree on. That aside, there are serious issues with our health care system. Issues of priority such as access in terms of the uninsured, quality and cost in that order are the three most important things in a health care system (Nyman, 2003). I will highlight and discuss in detail each of the three in this paper. It is quite unfortunate that in the US the most developed economy in the world today access to health care is right now an issue yet to be addressed fully. Most recent statistics indicate that close to 40 million Americans in this day and era are uninsured and still have to struggle to meet their health care requirements (Squires, 2012). A few critics would argue that insurance and access cannot be taken as one since the uninsured could still walk into any health care facility and get medical attention at their own cost. However, this would be the narrowest thinking to look at this issue.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the ever escalating costs, upsurge of chronic diseases requiring complex and costly medical routines to prevent and cure, one can never go wrong in arguing that health insurance is an essential part of care access. Any sound and viable plan for the future to fix our health care system therefore must arise to this fact and promise to offer universal coverage that guarantees every American citizen right to basic health plan of their choice. Secondly, quality is an important aspect of a sound health care system. According to OECD health data database 2011, despite high health care costs and spending as well quality indicators of health in the US reflect variable performance and notably not any superior in comparison with other far less expensive systems of other countries in the study (Squires, 2012). Even though the US is notably rated among the best countries with the highest survival rates for certain chronic ailments in some other chronic diseases the same trend is not consistent with poor showing and in some instances below average performance. Given that in some of these chronic c onditions that the US records a poor showing make up and indeed constitute an increasing share of the disease burden casts doubts as to the quality of care accorded by our current system. Thirdly but not least is the cost of health care. With nearly $8,000 average spending on health per capita according to statistics carried out in 2009, the cost of health care in the US is arguably the most expensive in the world (Squires, 2012). This is in comparison with countries such as Japan and New Zealand spending one-third of that and Switzerland and Norway that spends about two-thirds of same. In fact if the trend is anything to go by, the US average per capita spending on health care continue to grow highest than any other economy (Squires, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We need a health care system that can address these both in t erms of reversing the unsustainable trend of escalating health associated costs and also reduce the current recorded spending on health care. It is important to note the Affordable Care Act of 2010 cognizant of each of the three major issues highlighted above was designed with specific attention to address them. Firstly with respect to access, the Act proposes universal health insurance coverage for all that would guarantee every citizen to a basic health plan of their choice effectively doing away with previously income-related payments that uninsured would have received. In addition, the ACA envisages an electronic medical record to store patients’ records and allows physicians via a tight security protocols this information effectively simplifying the health care system that hitherto preapproval requirement by authorities to gain access to this information. This measure also addresses the issue of quality of health care as both the physician and the patient can be able to trend the medical history. Effectively patients would be able to demand quality care and physicians afraid to taint their careers offer better services. Having addressed both access and quality the issue of cost comes in automatically through improved system efficiencies and use of preventive rather than curative measures (Santerre Neun, 2013). In conclusion it will be interesting to see how the plan works given it will be difficult to eliminate the unnecessary services currently offered which compounds the cost of health care as well as the huge administrative challenges.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the downside, the plan as some critics point out are the unintended consequences in terms of tax burden which not until the current costs are brought down is a concern to many. On the upward side though, is an ambitious plan which if it works could lift up the welfare of all Americans and be a major reprieve of our ailing health care system. References Fox, M. (2012). US health care: It’s officially a mess, institute says. Web. Nyman, J. A. (2003). The Theory of Demand for Health Insurance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Santerre, R. E. and Neun, S. P. (2013). Health Economics: Theories, Insights, and Industry Studies, 6th Edition, Mason, OH: South-Western. Squires, D. A. (2012). Explaining High Health Care Spending in the United States: An International Comparison of Supply, Utilization, Prices, and Quality. Commonwealth Fund pub. 1595, Vol. 10. This essay on The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was written and submitted by user Mathew E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

France and the Hijab Essays

France and the Hijab Essays France and the Hijab Essay France and the Hijab Essay The Muslim headscarf (hijab) possesses its religious significance from the Qur’an, which is the Word of God told by the Prophet Muhammad. Though the specificities of how much the headscarf covers varies in different countries, those who choose to wear it use the Qur’an as a source of God’s command. The variance of how much the headscarf should cover arises from the different interpretations of a vary vague quote in the Koran that addresses this issue: â€Å"And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what must ordinarily appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Through self-interpretation, these coverings can range from a simple headscarf (only covers the hair) to an Afghani burqa (covers the entire body, only leaving a mesh screen for the woman to see). The significance of the hijab for Muslim women who wear it varies greatly. For some, it is a way of demonstrating dedication to Islam; for others, it symbolizes worship and identity. Another interpretation reveals that â€Å"the purpose of the hijab is not to constrain women or to represent women’s inferiority,† which is a common interpretation of the hijab, â€Å"†¦[but] rather, it is to be worn as a protection from the gaze of males and to avoid being judged based on appearances. On February 10th, 2004, the National Assembly in France banned the wearing of all religious symbols, the Muslim headscarf (hijab) being their primary target, by students attending public, primary, and secondary schools. The passing of this legislation stirred a controversy related to weather this law infringes on a populations basic human rights as outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). : In this article, the freedom of expression, to an education, and to a manifestation of religion in practice and observance as outlined in articles 18, 19, and 27 of the UDHR, respectively, will be investigated in order to determine whether the legislation passed by the French government rids young Muslim girls of their basic human rights. ANALYSIS The banning of the hijabs in France encounters the dilemma of whether or not it is infringing the freedom of expression. In article 19 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it states â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. † French citizens in agreement with the legislation dispute that the hijab has been forced unto Muslim women, restricting their ability to express themselves, and symbolizing their inferiority to men. However, the Islamic community argues that the hijab expresses a Muslim woman’s beliefs in chastity, modesty and Islamic identity. Furthermore, those in favor of the ban suggest that the headscarf provokes extremist Islamic-terrorists. The Muslim headscarf, for most Muslims, is a religious obligation. Thus, on the contrary, it is simply seen as expression of obedience to the laws of the religion. The freedom to receive an education is another obstacle that the passing of this bill encounters. According to the first section of Article 26 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has the right to a free education at the fundamental stages of development. One of the main objectives of the hijab ban by the French government was to preserve France’s ideal of being a nation of assimilated culture. This is mirrored within the French public education system as it is geared towards universalizing its cultural ideals, and thus indirectly repressing underrepresented groups such as Islam. In this particular attempt to instill French culture within the young Muslim population, it has caused them to ultimately choose between their religion and their education. In response, individuals opposing the ban raise the argument that a repression of cultures can have a detrimental effect on a child’s ability to develop. Meira Levinson very fittingly expresses that schools provide a very unique social space in which children can be distant from their household customs and values and can be exposed to different religious backgrounds of other children. Attempting to repress these cultural differences at schools restricts this ideal environment in which children can develop. French citizens in support of the ban suggest that Muslim women who feel the need to wear the hijab have the option of attending private schools. However, Gereluk disputes that there are two problems associated with enrolling in private school. Firstly, private schools can often be fairly pricy and registration can be very competitive. Annual fee’s for private schools in France of 2,500 is very common. The second issue deals with the creation of a more homogenous setting in both private and public schools. Children in both private public schools will lack the benefit of being among a more diverse community of children. Finally, the liberty to practice an individual’s religion of choice is another factor that needs to be taken into account in relation to the banning of hijabs. Freedom of religion is ensured in Article 18 of the UDHR as it states that every individual has the right to â€Å"manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. † Supporters of the ban insist that the ban is implemented in order to free Muslim women from being forced to wear the hijab. However, For many Muslim women, wearing the hijab is a way of teaching their religion by means of putting into practice the religious ideals of chastity, modestly, and obedience as outlined in the Muslim faith. Furthermore, Muslim women voice how the hijab gives them a feeling of closeness to the Prophet Muhammad. This nearness to the Prophet was explained by a 32-year-old Algerian woman named Alba: â€Å"When I hijab I feel good. I feel [pause] near Prophet. I know I can remove hijab, but [pause] when I wear I show other people that I with him. I teach daughter to do same thing [pause] to show love for Prophet and hijab†(Croucher, 2008). It is evident that the banning of the hijab infringes on the right for Muslim women to partake in all aspects of Islam. DISUSSION Conflicting opinions arise when examining weather or not the banning of hijabs in public, primary, and secondary schools is a violation of human rights. It becomes evident, however, that the rights of Muslim women have been violated when investigating the basic human right to a freedom of expression, education, and religious practice. As Muslim women view the hijab to be an expression of their chastity, modesty, and personal identity it becomes evident that the ban restricts Muslim women from illustrating their inner selves. On an educational perspective, the ban forces Muslim girls to choose between religious obedience and education, rather then harmonizing the two to establish a powerful environment for fundamental child development. Finally, it becomes apparent that the ban restricts Muslim girls from practicing some of the essential principles of Islam. The hypothesis has been validated; the banning of hijabs in French schools violates every humans right to express themselves, to receive education during the development stages of life, and to practice an individual’s religion to its fullest extent. The primary focus of this study was to exemplify the injustice of the banning of hijabs in France. In doing so, it further displayed the importance of the hijab in Muslim culture. REFERENCES 1) justlanded. com/english/France/France-Guide/Education/Private-schools-in-France

People with learning disabilities Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

People with learning disabilities - Case Study Example This has led to an increased number of people with learning disability (LD) and aging-related health problems such as dementia, which has resulted in changes in social and service delivery needs. Service needs for this population are further increased because of continued deinstitutionalization of people with LD, resulting in increased community presence of people with high physical and mental morbidities. Certain subgroups of people with LD have specific increased age-related risks, such as those with Down syndrome, who have genetically based increased risk for dementia (Janicki et al., 1999). Others , such as, those with Cerebral Palsy have been noted to have a high risk of physical aging related deterioration, particularly relating to mobility (Strauss et. al., 2004), sometimes starting in young adulthood. (Jahnsen, 2004) The existing demographic pattern of increased longevity in people with LD points to a continued future increase in the proportion of older adults with LD, but does not adequately address the more significant changes in the prevalence of associated physical, mental and behavioral problems, as well as functional deficits in these cohorts, which will have an impact on their need for support. Even in currently older adults with LD there is a dearth of broad, linked data that would be helpful to planners, but more problematically, these cohorts may not be good models for the future extrapolation. Current older adults have lived vastly different lives than cohorts who will be the older adults of tomorrow, and these differences will very likely have a profound effect on all aspects of intellectual, emotional, medical and functional outcomes in late life. Extrapolating care requirements for older adults with LD from older adults without LD is not appropriate, as those with LD have had more restricted life experiences, with reduced functional independence and coping skills, generally have no adult children to assist in late life functioning. (Jenkins, 2005) Services for Older People with Learning Disabilities in UK In recent years some remarkable changes have been noticed not only in the lifestyle of people with LD but also in the services provided to them. Rehabilitation of a number of such people back into the society has resulted into the closure of several LD institutions and hospitals, whereas in past it is evident through studies the such treatment periods used to be unknown and at times ended up with the death of patients. Such a policy change is actually a result of a publication "An Ordinary Life" (King's Fund 1980). This publication motivated the masses about the merits of spending life at home within the community in comparison with an isolated hospital or nursing home. This viewpoint of f normalization was later embraced by most of the supporting bodies function with older people with LD and normal community life was considered as more helpful for the rehabilitation of such a group (Wolfensberger 1972). Dagnan et al. (1998)

A Detailed Analysis of Mental Illness and Madness within One Flew over Dissertation

A Detailed Analysis of Mental Illness and Madness within One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest and Rain Man - Dissertation Example One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest 3.1 The context of the book and the film 3.2 The film’s representation of mental illness 3.3 The reception of the film 4. Rain Man 4.1 The context of the film 4.2 The film’s representation of mental illness 4.3 The reception of the film 5. Conclusion Bibliography A detailed analysis of mental illness and madness as they are presented within One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and Rain Man.1 Introduction Every human society draws boundary lines between different categories of people, and the fictional works that are produced in each generation both reflect and contest these prevailing categorisations.This study examines the concept of mental illness, sometimes labelled as madness, deviance, or disability, with particular reference to the way that these issues are represented in two films.The literature review in section 2 explores the history of madness, and the extensive theoretical literature on madness as a social phenomenon f irst of all, and then examines its literary and film representation, showing how films represent tensions and changes in social categorisations.Theoretical debates on the subject are summarised, and the ambivalence of contemporary society towards mental illness is explained in the light of these at times conflicting perspectives.This review therefore provides a firm theoretical foundation for analysis of the representation of madness in films.... two films and their reception are compared, showing how an evolution in social attitudes towards mental illness has taken place over the last fifty years in the United States, and arguably also across the Western world which is heavily influenced by mass market films such as the two under discussion in this study. The implications of this change for modern Western societies are considered, as well as the limitations of these filmic representations and the considerable tensions and ambiguities which still remain and are carried into the new millennium. 2. Literature review There is a vast literature on the way that madness has been defined and dealt with throughout history, and another huge amount of material available on literary and cinematic representations of madness. It would not be feasible to cover all of this ground and so for the purposes of the present study a two part literature review will suffice. Part one deals with the history of madness and therapeutic treatments meted out in different historical periods, with an emphasis on the last two hundred years. The contribution of psychology and sociology are discussed, and the gradual evolution from an absolute concept of â€Å"madness† to a more relative concept of â€Å"mental illness† is described. In part two the role of fictional representations of madness is discussed, showing how they both reflect prevailing opinion and in some cases also challenge it. The particular context of modern mass market film is emphasised, with some the underlying theories about its role in contemporary society. The scope of the literature review is to summarise early theories very briefly and concentrate on the period immediately after the Second World War, and on the debates and issues that were important in the specific context

The security threats and their strategic implications Essay

The security threats and their strategic implications - Essay Example Although the application of technology in different activities and practices in organizations is associated with a lot of benefits, there are also security threats that go hand in hand with it (Balogun and Hailey, 2004). This piece of work examines the security threats suffered by organizations that utilize social networking networks and the strategic implications they have on the particular organizations. The essay also tries to identify the means and approaches adopted by organizations in their effort to achieve strategic change using ICTs, the key issues associated with the approaches, and practical examples of effectiveness of the ICTs in bringing about strategic change through case examples, (Coca-Cola Company Ltd.). There is a lot of relevant literature from research undertaken in this field which can help us in the understanding of this topic more specifically the security threats associated with social network applications and their implications in organizations. According to Jenny (2010), social networking is a tool that has helped organizations meet their goals for instance through the establishment of business contacts. Jenny also names the four best social networking free applications as the Fishbowl, Flexamail, Tweetdeck, and Microsoft Silverlight 4 client for Facebook. Fishbowl is an application that helps in the integration of social networking with the computer desktop. Flexamail on the other hand allows for easy access of different social network sites like Facebook and Twitter while Tweetdeck.

Music theory

Music theory ABSTRACT MUSIC THEORY:- Music theory is the field of study that deals with how music works. It examines the language and notation of music. It identifies patterns that govern composers techniques. In a grand sense, music theory distills and analyzes the parameters or elements of music – rhythm, harmony (harmonic function), melody, structure, form, and texture. Broadly, music theory may include any statement, belief, or conception of or about music. People who study these properties are known as music theorists. Some have applied acoustics, human physiology, and psychology to the explanation of how and why music is perceived. The Four elements of music:- Melody Harmony Rhythm Dynamics AESTHETICS:- Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics or esthetics) is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty. It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as critical reflection on art, culture and nature. Aesthetics is a subdiscipline of axiology, a branch of philosophy, and is closely associated with the philosophy of art. Aesthetics studies new ways of seeing and of perceiving the world. AESTHETICS OF MUSIC:- Traditionally, the aesthetics of music or musical aesthetics concentrated on the quality and study of the beauty and enjoyment (plaisir and jouissance) of music. Aesthetics is a sub-discipline of philosophy. However, many musicians, music critics, and other non-philosophers have contributed to the aesthetics of music. In recent decades philosophers have tended to emphasize issues besides beauty and enjoyment. It is often thought that music has the ability to affect our emotions, intellect, and psychology; lyrics can assuage our loneliness or incite our passions. For this reason, the philosopher Plato proposed that music is a dangerous entertainment that should be closely regulated by the state. It is commonly believed that human responses to music are culturally influenced. For example, musical passages in Beethoven that sounded highly dissonant to his contemporaries do not sound dissonant to listeners today. As such, musics aesthetic appeal seems highly dependent upon the culture in which it is practiced. However, there is a physical background which defines sound being proper or improper. Proper sound is perceived as gentle sound while improper sound is more or less considered nice sounding depending on what the listener is used to listen to. Harry Partch and some other musicologists like for instance Kyle Gann therefore have studied and tried to popularize microtonal music and the usage of alternate musical scales. Also many modern composers like Lamonte Young, Rhys Chatham and Glenn Branca paid much attention to a scale called just intonation. Some of the aesthetic elements expressed in music include lyricism, harmony, hypnotism, emotiveness, temporal dynamics, resonance, playfulness, and color (see also musical development). However, there has been a strong tendency in the aesthetics of music to emphasize musical structure as the most important (or even only) aesthetic element that is important in the experience of music. RHYTHM:- Rhythm is the heartbeat of music. As music passes in time, it is divided into perceptible sections, and each section subdivided further. Rhythm is the arrangement of sounds and silences in time. Meter animates time in regular pulse groupings, called measures or bars. The time signature or meter signature specifies how many beats are in a measure, and which value of written note is counted and felt as a single beat. Through increased stress and attack (and subtle variations in duration), particular tones may be accented. There are conventions in most musical traditions for a regular and hierarchical accentuation of beats to reinforce the meter. Syncopated rhythms are rhythms that accent unexpected parts of the beat. Playing simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature is called polymeter. See also polyrhythm. Rhythm is, by its simplest definition, musical time. The origin of the word is Greek, meaning flow. Rhythm is indeed the embodiment of timely flow. As meter regulates and pulsates a poem, rhythm organizes music in much the same way. The regular pulsations of the music are called the beat. Stronger beats are referred to as accented beats. Measures of music divide a piece into time-counted segments. Strong beats occur in patterns. For instance, in 4/4 time, the conductor would beat a strong beat on the first beat of every measure and another accented beat although not as strong on the third count of the measure. Because the conductors arms move downward on strong beats, especially those that begin a measure, accented beats are also referred to as downbeats. In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Bengt-Olov Palmqvist, Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff, Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, William Rothstein, and Joel Lester. Rhythm either means tempo literally, or its percussion within tempo. Like instead of just 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4. you might Get a groove like: 1-+-+-2-+-+-3-+-+-4-+-+-1-+-2-+-. Rhythm is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events. RHYTHM IN LINGUISTICS:- The study of rhythm, stress, and pitch in speech is called prosody; it is a topic in linguistics. Narmour (1980, p.147–53) describes three categories of prosodic rules which create rhythmic successions which are additive (same duration repeated), cumulative (short-long), or countercumulative (long-short). Cumulation is associated with closure or relaxation, countercumulation with openness or tension, while additive rhythms are open-ended and repetitive. Richard Middleton points out this method cannot account for syncopation and suggests the concept of transformation. A rhythmic unit is a durational pattern which occupies a period of time equivalent to a pulse or pulses on an underlying metric level, as opposed to a rhythmic gesture which does not (DeLone et al. (Eds.), 1975 ORIGINS OF HUMAN APPERCIATION OF RHYTHM:- In his series How Music Works, Howard Goodall presents theories that rhythm recalls how we walk and the heartbeat we heard in the womb. More likely is that a simple pulse or di-dah beat recalls the footsteps of another person. Our sympathetic urge to dance is designed to boost our energy levels in order to cope with someone, or some animal chasing us – a fight or flight response. From a less darwinist perspective, perceiving rhythm is the ability to master the otherwise invisible dimension, time. Rhythm is possibly also rooted in courtship ritual. Neurologist Oliver Sacks posits that human affinity for rhythm is fundamental, so much that a persons sense of rhythm cannot be lost in the way that music and language can (e.g. by stroke). In addition, he states that chimpanzees and other animals show no similar appreciation for rhythm. RYHTM NOTATION AND THE ORAL TRADITION:- Worldwide there are many different approaches to passing on rhythmic phrases and patterns, as they exist in traditional music, from generation to generation. African music In the Griot tradition of Africa everything related to music has been passed on orally. Babatunde Olatunji (1927–2003), a Nigerian drummer who lived and worked in the United States, developed a simple series of spoken sounds for teaching the rhythms of the hand drum. He used six vocal sounds: Goon Doon Go Do Pa Ta. There are three basic sounds on the drum, but each can be played with either the left or the right hand. This simple system is now used worldwide, particularly by Djembe players. Indian music Indian music has also been passed on orally. Tabla players would learn to speak complex rhythm patterns and phrases before attempting to play them. Sheila Chandra, an English pop singer of Indian descent, made performances based around her singing these patterns. In Indian Classical music, the Tala of a composition is the rhythmic pattern over which the whole piece is structured. Western music Standard music notation contains all rhythmic information and is adapted specifically for drums and percussion instruments. The drums are generally used to keep other instruments in time. They do this by supplying beats/strikes in time at a certain pace, i.e. 70 beats per minute (bpm). In Rock music, a drum beat is used to keep a bass/guitar line in time. TYPES In Western music, rhythms are usually arranged with respect to a time signature, partially signifying a meter. The speed of the underlying pulse is sometimes called the beat. The tempo is a measure of how quickly the pulse repeats. The tempo is usually measured in beats per minute (bpm); 60 bpm means a speed of one beat per second. The length of the meter, or metric unit (usually corresponding with measure length), is usually grouped into either two or three beats, being called duple meter and triple meter, respectively. If each beat is divided by two or four, it is simple meter, if by three (or six) compound meter. According to Pierre Boulez, beat structures beyond four are simply not natural. His reference is to western European music. Syncopated rhythms are rhythms that accent parts of the beat not already stressed by counting. Playing simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature is called polymeter. See also polyrhythm. In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Maury Yeston, Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff, Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, William Rothstein, and Joel Lester. Syncopated rhythms are rhythms that accent parts of the beat not already stressed by counting. Playing simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature is called polymeter. See also polyrhythm. In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Maury Yeston, Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff, Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty, William Rothstein, and Joel Lester. Some genres of music make different use of rhythm than others. Most Western music is based on subdivision, while non-Western music uses more additive rhythm. African music makes heavy use of polyrhythms, and Indian music uses complex cycles such as 7 and 13, while Balinese music often uses complex interlocking rhythms. By comparison, a lot of Western classical music is fairly rhythmically (or metrically) simple; it stays in a simple meter such as 4/4 or 3/4 and makes little use of syncopation. Clave is a common underlying rhythm in African, Cuban music, and Brazilian music. In the 20th century, composers like Igor Stravinsky, Bela Bartok, Philip Glass, and Steve Reich wrote more rhythmically complex music using odd meters, and techniques such as phasing and additive rhythm. At the same time, modernists such as Olivier Messiaen and his pupils used increased complexity to disrupt the sense of a regular beat, leading eventually to the widespread use of irrational rhythms in New Complexity. This use may be explained by a comment of John Cages where he notes that regular rhythms cause sounds to be heard as a group rather than individually; the irregular rhythms highlight the rapidly changing pitch relationships that would otherwise be subsumed into irrelevant rhythmic groupings (Sandow 2004, p.257). LaMonte Young also wrote music in which the sense of a regular beat is absent because the music consists only of long sustained tones (drones). In the 1930s, Henry Cowell wrote music involving multiple simultaneous periodic rhythms and collaborated with Là ©on T hà ©rà ©min to invent the Rhythmicon, the first electronic rhythm machine, in order to perform them. Similarly, Conlon Nancarrow wrote for the player piano.

Wilkie Collins’ The Woman In White: 19th Century Victorian femininity e

Wilkie Collins’ The Woman In White: 19th Century Victorian femininity exposed through the accounts of multiple narrators Readers of nineteenth century British literature imagine typical Victorian women to be flighty, emotionally charged, and fully dependent on the men in their lives. One envisions a corseted woman who is a dutiful wife, pleasant entertainer, and always the model of etiquette. Wilkie Collins acknowledges this stereotype in his novel The Woman in White, but he contradicts this image by creating strong women in the characters of Marian Halcombe, and to a lesser extent, of Laura Fairlie. Collins also explores these powerful women in relation to marriage, and their loss of identity in becoming a wife, as exemplified by Madame Fosco. He reveals personal details about the women by employing a journal-style novel, one in which most characters have the ability to describe the action in their own words and thoughts. In this way, Collins can craft a mystery where both sexes are in a constant power struggle and the women are as well-equipped to be detectives as the men. The character of Laura Fairlie is an interesting one to explore; on one hand, she appears to be the embodiment of Victorian sentiment. Laura is emotional and considered very feminine by all narrators in the novel, and initially seems to be controlled by men because of the promise she makes to her father on his death-bed. Her consent to this loveless marriage with Sir Percival Glyde also proves her to be stronger than an average Victorian woman might be; she is a moral, respectable woman, whose conscience will not let her betray the promise to her father for an alternative escape. The reader first meets Laura through Walter Hartright’s eyes, and... ...ntellect with regard to detection and solving a mystery. In The Woman In White, Wilkie Collins employs a changing narrator that gives voice to powerful women and their struggle against the oppressions of marriage. With the characterizations of Marian Halcombe and Laura Fairlie, he dismisses the outmoded notions of Victorian womanhood, and places equal power between the men and women in his novel. Madame Fosco is representative of the passive Victorian woman, and her extreme change in character forces the reader to examine the negative aspects of marriage for these women more closely. With the distinct accounts of different authors, the reader is able to gain insights into these women and their motives for accepting or denying their gender roles in the novel. Works Cited Collins, Wilkie. The Woman In White. Oxford University Press, Inc: New York. 1996.

Belt Slipping

University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of PhoenixC is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. MicrosoftO, WindowsO, and Windows NTO are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, r affiliation. ed in accordance witn Universi ty ot Course Description Phoenx editorial standards and practices. This is the capstone course for Organizational Security and Management undergraduate program. The course provides students with the opportunity to integrate and apply specific program knowledge and learning in a comprehensive manner with regard to the areas of risk and threat assessment, physical, personal, and information system(s) security, emergency and critical incident response, and organizational administr ation and management.Students will evaluate and emonstrate their professional growth with the development of an effective organizational security plan. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change.Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality n which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. SEC/480 poltctes Student are required to achieve a minimum grade of â€Å"C in this course. Students who fail to earn a minimum grade of â€Å"C -† in this course must retake the course to satisfy the degree requirement. Course Materials All electronic materials are available on the student website.

Organizational Analysis

Organizational Analysis Introduction Business organizations have persistently survived through different means of business operations (Rhodes and Westwood 9). Modern organizations rely on their corporate culture, management practices, and organizational structure to maneuver in the increasingly competitive business markets (Moore 656).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Analysis-Google Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizational culture and organizational structure are two important facets of running modern companies, where certain corporate values and norms remained inculcated and nurtured by individuals in an organization within the corporate structure (Moore 658). Structure is the organizational administration set up, where individuals follow certain hierarchical or leadership trends in practicing their organizational duties. As business practices keep evolving, companies continue to differ in their struc ture and culture. Organizational ethnography is a scientific method of analyzing companies using direct observation and assessment via multiple research methods, including interviews and representations of artifacts (Walby 160). Eberle and Maeder state that, â€Å"organizational ethnography is the description of the culture and the everyday lives of people in organizations share† (68). Therefore, this study provides a virtual organizational ethnography of Google Company. Brief Overview of Google Company Google Company is one of the most famous companies that almost each internet user literally knows (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 3). The history of its development began when two innovators, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, coincidentally met and become friends at Stanford University in the year 1995 (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 1) . The two undergraduate students combined their innovative minds to construct a search engine that they named Backrub, which used the Intern et links to investigate the significance of personal webpage on the Internet (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 1). The name changed to Google as the official name of the company in 1998, when Page and Sergey decided to receive sponsorship from Sun co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim, who provided a check of $100,000 to boost the public expansion of Google.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By 1998, the company managed to introduce the Google doodle initiative that enabled web visitors to interact with the Google homepage freely, resulting in massive growth of doodles on the Google homepages worldwide. Google Company introduced the AdWords self-service program that intended to create online ad campaigns to act as advertising solutions for businesses (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 4). The AdWords program has transformed and expanded to accommodate display web space, mobile and video ads and the commonly utilized text ads that assist thousands of entrepreneurs to advertise their businesses (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 4). By 2004, Google Company introduced Gmail, which is currently the most preferred internet email-service tool that supports speedy search, holds huge online data storage, and sends threaded messages (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 5). With the growing demand for social networks that connect people regardless of their geographical distance, Google introduced Google+ that is currently trending among the global preferred social media networks. Google is currently the leading internet search engine that operates in almost every modern technological device (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 5). Being a multinational company with an established corporate system, Google Company has a corporate culture and structure. The following are the artifacts that define leadership, structure, and culture of Google. Main Artifact s of Google Company To understand organizational culture, a foremost aspect that one must understand is that corporate culture depends on a communication of artifacts. According to Eberle and Maeder, â€Å"doing ethnography means using multiple methods of data gathering, like observation, interviews, collection of documents, pictures, audio-visual materials, as well as representations of organizational artifact† (54). Organizational artifacts may refer to the physical corporate layout, cultural assumptions, espoused values, shared norms and beliefs of a company that are normally inherent in an established corporate culture (Argyris 5). Artifacts are generally the visible structures that are apparent in an organizational culture.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Analysis-Google Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Understanding the organizational culture often require a thorough appr aisal of major artifacts associated with a certain organization (Nussbaumer 3). Fundamental to such assumptions, this analysis considers evaluating the main artifacts associated with Google Company for the benefit of understanding the formal and informal dimensions of leadership, structure, and culture of Google, which Tran and Tian consider appropriate for the ethnographic assessment (231). Mission and Mission Statement of Google One of the most significant elements of corporate culture that defines the intentions of an established organization is the corporate mission, which is among the main artifacts of any operating company (Eberle and Maeder 57). A mission and mission statement of an organization normally reflect the intended practices and defines the line of operation of an organization. Mission normally defines the practice of a company or area of specialization (Schein 128). Google has an established corporate culture with distinct service charter that contains an articulat ed mission. The website indicates that, â€Å"Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful† (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 2). The company seeks to maintain a liberal culture, which promotes sharing of ideas and opinions for the growth of robust innovations. Espoused Beliefs of Google In the organizational culture, espoused beliefs are shared norms, perceptions, philosophies, principles, ideologies and rationalizations that members of a certain organization mutually understand and uphold (Nussbaumer 2). An espoused belief sets organization on a platform where members remain connected to the ambitions of the company and makes members become committed towards achieving the overall goal of the organizations they serve (Olusoji, Oluwakemi, and Uchechi 38).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Espoused beliefs have the ability to influence individual actions at work and make organizations stronger in terms of the social association of workers, as shared convictions guide the attitudes and behaviors (Scott et al. 924). Google has a set of espoused values that act as the major artifacts and a medium of communication among members of Google Company. According to â€Å"Google: Company† (par. 3), Google Inc has vested its foundation on the notion that organizations need to espouse ten important things that Google and its management believe are the foundation for exemplary organizational performance. Google Company believes in customer satisfaction and attention to customer demands, and ensures that its innovation team and employees focus on what deems imperative and significant for the consumers (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 2). Google believes on working tirelessly towards solving problems, cracking complex issues, and providing continuous improvement of its oper ations (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 3). Another significant belief of Google is being fast and reacting towards change is their basic assumption towards success. Google believes that democracy extends beyond dealing with employees, and providing an opportunity to its workforce to contribute to innovation is important (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 5). The company believes that technology and innovation are significant to organizational success in information sharing and communication. Google also serves on the notion that a lucrative business can strive without exercising evil and legitimacy is requisite for any organization (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 7). Google assumes that information and knowledge are diverse and that they are borderless, so innovation and iteration are vital tools of maneuvering in the modern world of business. Underlying Values and Assumptions Google is a company that believes in modernizing its operational techniques. The company has a cul ture with assumptions that are crucial to human resource and the power of organizational cohesion (Annika and Alange 247). A major assumption shared by managers and employees of Google is that organizations become what they are, through the influence of human socialization. The company hires, employs, and retains its workers based on their professional abilities, but not based on their deemed professional experience in their areas of specialization. â€Å"We hire people who are smart and determined, and we favor ability over experience† (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 1). Google Company assumes that innovation and creativity do not associate with people of certain creed, race, religion, or nationality, and believes that cultural diversity makes an organization extra competitive. Google employees have shared values of embracing innovation, promoting racial inclusivity, improving technological communication, putting extra effort in achieving individual and communal objectiv es (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 1). Google also believes that cohesion in an organization is vital for mutual success. The Organizational DNA in Analyzing Google Organizational DNA is another analytical tool that helps analysts to undertake an assessment of an organization. Organizational DNA involves four sets of important building blocks that combine distinct identities and facets necessary for organizational survival (Soulsby and Clark 1430). The DNA organizational building bands include the organizational structure, decision-making actors, motivators to the workforce, and information or knowledge sharing (Tran and Tian 231). Apparently, the four DNA bands are practicable in Google Company. Google has both informal and formal structures, leadership, and culture, with the two dimensions well integrated and mutually supporting its operations without any odds. In the organizational DNA, the structure band comes into play with the formal dimension where Google seems to have a definite hierarchical structure. Another DNA band is right to decision-making, where it associates with formal dimension in Google appears mostly in top down decision-making, since managers and top executives have the highest authority in decision making. Motivators as a DNA band come into play with its informal leadership where Google seems to empower its employees. From a theoretical perspective, there are formal and informal components of the organization that are inherent in organization, but they are very subtle to identify and understand at times (Soulsby and Clark 1430). The formal structures of an operating organization are the permanent feasible laws, principles, practices, and the intra-organizational structures and procedures that facilitate accomplishment of desired goals and objectives (Bertocci 10). Formal organization structure support maintenance of the logical authority of a surviving organization and permits the concept of job specialty and labor division in an org anization. Formal organizational structure has a set of established rules and regulations, the hierarchical order of governance, stipulated principles, a scalar chain of communication, and strict observance. The informal structure of an organization is the cross-functional and interpersonal interaction or association that exists between members of an organization without barriers of hierarchical arrangement of an organization (Scott et al. 924). The informal structure of the organization or the informal dimension represents the autonomy, mobility, and sovereignty of members of an organization and the impact they have on the general decision-making process in the organization. A closer look at Google and its corporate culture, Google is both a formal and an informal organization that is relying on a combination of two leadership techniques in its management practices. What depicts the formalness of Google is the form of leadership that is hierarchical and dictatorial. Authoritatively , Google has several laws and regulations that govern the actions and behaviors of workers in their professional practices (Annika and Alange 247). Hierarchically broken down from executive officers, senior leadership and a list of board of directors, the power of leadership in governing people and resources in Google is eminent. Nonetheless, democracy is also practicable in Google as the organization has embraced informal leadership, structural, and cultural dimensions, which have some employee motivation, empowerment, and recognition, as clearly demonstrated in its leadership (Pescosolido 80). The top management contains democratically elected leaders, with a significant cultural mix. Annika and Alange postulate that such leadership techniques have placed Google among the fortune 500 companies (250). The Formal Dimension of Google Formal dimensions of an organization involve the mechanistic structure that is hierarchical, which consists of top, middle, and lower levels of leadersh ip (Dwyer 1234). Clear ties of chain of command are one of the aspects that demonstrate the formalness of an organization. Hierarchically, Google has a management team that is responsible for ensuring that the company continues to perform and survive in the highly competitive technology industry where the company has invested most (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 1). The founder, Larry Page, is the Chief Executive of the company and is responsible for overseeing the entire operations of Google throughout its continued existence. Larry is responsible for incorporating sensible changes in the organization, product development, and designing technology strategies that are imperative for growth and survival of Google (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 3). The organization has been able to maintain a stable management order with a strong foundation of shared values and order of power that almost each board member of Google understands, with decisions made in a top down manner. From i ts website information, Google is a formal organization with an established chain of command and corporate principles that guide the actions of all stakeholders inclusive of its workforce (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 5). Apart from the general CEO in charge of overseeing the overall operations of the organization, Google has some structural elements that depict the mechanistic structure of administration. To enhance corporate ethics and to control the behaviors of its employees, Google has a code of conduct that all employees must strictly adhere to the stipulated norms of practice (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 3). Directors, officers, and all employees of Google Company must follow the Google code of conduct that contains set principles of practice, which guide professional duties. Google code of conduct states that, â€Å"we expect all of our employees and board members to know and follow the code, failure to do so can result in disciplinary action† (â€Å"Goo gle: Company† par. 4). According to Brose (15), formal organizations consider companies as rational entities, where corporate design is an operational science, while people are economic facets. The first building block of organizational DNA is right towards decision-making processes in organizations (Dwyer 2). The process of decision-making is authoritative, with main decision process depending on agreed issues among the top executives of the organization, which comprise of board of directors and governors. The board of directors is responsible for developing corporate principles, punishing law offenders in the organization, and ensuring that the workers adhere to the philosophies established by the organization (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 6). Google has a set of rules and regulations that demonstrate the formalness of Google Inc. The company expects that all employees and directors respect and adhere to the rules and regulations governing Google organization (â€Å"G oogle: Company† par. 3). The board members are hierarchically responsible for development of laws and corporate governance guidelines that form an important framework for effective management in Google Company (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 4). Such ideologies indicate that Google is an organization with formal leadership, structure, and culture, since employees follow guiding principles, hierarchy, and rules in their operations. The Informal Dimension of Google Informal organization structure involves interlocking social structures that influence the relationship of workers and managers in an organization (Lunenburg 2). From the information found on the webpage of Google, the company has a mixture of mechanic and organic structures, which means that both formal and informal dimensions are practicable in its administrative techniques. Despite having a formal arrangement in its organizational structure with clear ties in the order of command, Google has an informal arrange ment, which are components of organic structure (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 5). Organizations that have an organic structure dwell on the notion that people are emotional creatures, and organizations are cooperative social systems or units that need informal structure with rules, shared norms, and official practices or procedures that govern firm operations (Lunenburg 4). Among the major four organizational DNA bands, motivators at workplace are important aspects of organizations that spur change and development. â€Å"Google: Company† respects the fact that humans are rational beings with feelings and emotions that need maximum recognition and protection (par. 3). Intrinsic motivation comes from the notion that members of an organization are capable of making autonomous decisions and contributing to the organization through applying their creativity in designing innovations (Cameron and Quinn 25). Empowerment is a key component in an informal organization and Google has maintained a close relationship with its employees while also considering the importance of empowering workers (Cameron and Quinn 25). According to â€Å"Google: Company†, the management team believes that investing on empowering employees is important as it motivates the workforce towards achieving individual and corporate goals (par. 8). The aspect of power decentralization is evident in Google Company as the company partially encourages employees to participate in managerial innovation decisions. The company believes that employees come from diverse backgrounds, and therefore, they have different abilities that are capable of fostering creativity and innovation (â€Å"Google: Company† par. 11). Google managers have fostered a culture of empowering employees to participate proactively in ensuring trust and loyalty by having the authority to report misconduct without the fear of prejudice or intimidation. An informal organization that perpetuates cultural, social, and relationship values in the organization normally remain unbiased, unrestricted, and fair, irrespective of the individual’s power (Pescosolido 82). The informal dimension of leadership, structure, and culture is evident in Google through its corporate collaborations and interactions that do not alienate the subordinate staff (Dubois par. 3). Although the responsibilities of decision making at Google remain bestowed mostly to the top executives and board members, who are responsible for policy formulation, a sense of collective decision-making is inherent. Informal organizations promote open communication. Google has fostered open communication between subordinates and top officials, as laws and regulations in Google are supreme (Dubois par. 5). The corporate policies allow employees of Google to report misconduct and violations among officials, without any fear of intimidation (Dubois par. 9). Directors are independent, but regularly advised to observe ethical leadership while managing the workforce and resources of Google Company. Personal Analysis of the Findings From the assessment done, Google seems to be a competent organization that requires professional expertise in handling its workforce that seems well informed. The assessment reveals that Google Company is an organization that utilizes informal and formal administrative techniques in its operations, where both mechanistic and organic forms of arrangement are inherent. Effective managerial skills are significant in an organization with this form of structure (Barley and Kunda 82). To be a competent manager in Google Company to fit within the hierarchy, one would have to possess professional management skills that include exemplary leadership skills, interpersonal communication skills, and innovative skills (Barley and Kunda 82). As a manager working within the formal structure of Google, where decision-making is one of the responsibilities the management team holds, having great innovative skills and decision-making skills would make someone proficient. Such skills would enable a manager to communicate effectively with others within the line of command, enable the manager to actively engage in decision-making processes and manage their area of specialization confidently. Since Google also contains the informal organizational structure, where aspects of organic arrangement are inherent in the organization, having effective skills to deal with aspects of intrinsic motivation among employees is significant (Mackenzie 50). Managers working in companies with an informal organizational structure normally have the responsibility of empowering their subordinates to participate in organizational management (Bertocci 13). In essence, working with Google would involve dealing with the informal component that examines the motivation of employees being the foremost aspect. Effective leadership skills, interpersonal communication skills, team building, coaching skills, sociability, monitoring skills, and conflict resolution skills would be important skills needed to motivate workers. Currently, I personally can fit into Google as an employee because its set of principles, ethical leadership, and operational practices are adaptable and thus they promote individual and corporate growth. The company has a reasonable authoritative form of leadership and democratic leadership. As a recommendation, although most appropriate, Google’s leaderships seem heavily hierarchical and struggle for power among managers may lead to detrimental repercussions. As Prosser (40) recommends, forming autonomous worker-groups within the structures would effectively support innovation, ease decision-making process, and enhance trust among the workforce. Conclusion Organizational leadership, culture, and structure are three significant aspects that depict the operational nature of an organization. Established organizations have different forms of leadership, culture, and structur e. Google is an established company with a hierarchical leadership system, organization culture with shared values, espoused beliefs, and common ideologies. Through a virtual ethnology of Google Company, the study concludes that Google Inc is an organization that operates on formal and informal structures with both formal and informal components of the organization inherent in its leadership, culture, and structure. The formalness of Google is evident from its hierarchical arrangement in the decision-making process, order of corporate governance, its regulations, ethical principles, and the Google code of conduct. 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Organizational Culture and Leadership. London: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Print. Scott, Tim, Russell Mannion, Huw Davies, and Martin Marshal. â€Å"The Quantitative Measurement of Organizational Culture in Health Care: A Review of the Available Instruments.† Health Services Research 38.3 (2003):923-945. Print. Soulsby, Anna, and Emily Clark. â€Å"Organization theory and the post-socialist transformation: Contributions to organizational knowledge.† Human Relations 60.10 (2 007):1419–1442. Print. Tran, Quangyen, and Yezhuang Tian. â€Å"Organizational Structure: Influencing Factors and Impact on a Firm.† American Journal of Industrial and Business Management 3.2(2013): 229-236. Print. Walby, Kevin. â€Å"Institutional Ethnography and Surveillance Studies: An Outline for Inquiry.† Surveillance Society 3.3 (2005): 158-172. Print.